The rates would range from five to 25 percent, according to a brief announcement posted on the website of the Ministry of Finance.
The move goes even further than one China announced just two weeks ago, when it said it would eliminate export tax rebates on 84 categories of grain and grain products.
The new tax rates for wheat and wheat products were set at 20 percent and 25 percent, respectively.
Processed corn, rice and soybean products will be taxed at 10 percent, while the tax on unprocessed grains will be five percent.
In all, 57 categories of grain will be affected, the ministry said.
Soaring prices, and their potential for social disruption, have emerged as one of the key concerns facing China's stability-conscious ruling Communist Party as it seeks to foster a long-running economic expansion.
It recently announced a slew of measures in response, ranging from policies that boost agricultural and oil sector output to increases in retiree pensions.
The government a