Dissenting lawyers have said they will petition court challenging the appointment of a new chief justice.
The state information office said Peiris was sworn in at Temple at the Temple Trees residence of President Rajapaksa.
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Security was tightened around Hulftsdorf, the main courts complex in Sri Lanka's capital with controversially impeached Chief Justice Shirani Bandaranayake expected to arrive in court.
But later reports said cases where she was listed to preside over has been postponed.
Sri Lanka's Supreme Court has ruled that Bandaranayake's impeachment process was illegal and the Court of Appeal quashed findings by a parliamentary committee against her.